Evidence-based nutrition assessment using Indirect Calorimetry has been shown to potentially reduce LOS in the ICU as much as 2.9 days1
- Approximately 40 - 50% of ICU patients are malnourished. 2,3,4
- Malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. 5-11
- Predictive equations are accurate 30% of the time. 12,13,14
- Average cost $4,772 per day. 15
1. Neumayer LA, Smout RJ, Horn HG, Horn SD. Early and sufficient feeding reduces length of stay and charges in surgical patients. J Surg Res. 2001;95(1):73–77.
2. Reid, CL. Nutritional requirements of surgical and critically-ill patients: do we really know what they need? Proc Nutr Soc. 2004 Aug;63(3):467-72.
3. Fessler. Malnutrition: A Serious Concern for Hospitalized Patients. Today’s Dietitian. 2008; Vol. 10 No. 7; 44.
4. Delgado, Artur et al. Hospital malnutrition and inflammatory response in critically ill children and adolescents admitted to a tertiary intensive care unit. Clinics. 2008;63:357-62
5. Rubinson L, Diette GB, Song X, Brower RG, Krishan JA. Low caloric intake is associated with nosocomial bloodstream infections in patients in the medical intensive care unit. Crit Care Med 2004; 32(2): 350-356.
6. Heyland DK, Schroter-Nopee D, Drover JW, Minto J, Keefe L, Dhaliwal R, et al. Nutrition support in the critical care setting: current practice in Canadian ICUs – opportunities for improvement? JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2003; 27(1): 74-83.
7. Zijlstra N, Dam SM, Hulshof PJM, Ram C, Hiemstra G, Roos NM. 24-hour indirect calorimetry in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2007; 22(2): 250-255.
8. Campbell CG, Zander E, Thorland W. Predicted vs. measured energy expenditure in critically ill, underweight patients. Nutr Clin Pract 2005; 20(2): 276-280.
9. Benotti PN, Bistrian B, Metabolic and nutritional aspects of weaning from mechanical ventilation. Crit Care Med 1989; 17(2): 181-185.
10. Fraser IM. Effects of refeeding on respiration and skeletal muscle function. Clin Chest Med 1986; 7(1): 131-139.
11. Artinian, V, Krayem, H, DiGiovine, B. Effects of Early Enteral Feeding on the Outcome of Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated Medical Patients. Chest. 2006; 129: 960 –967.
12.Malone AM. Methods of assessing energy expenditure in the intensive care unit. Nutr Clin Pract. 2002; 17: 21-28.
13. Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM (eds). Contemporary Nutrition Support Practice: A Clinical Guide. 1998: 79-98.
14. Reeves MM, Capra S. Variation in the application of methods used for predicting energy requirements in acutely ill adult patients: a survey of practice. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003; 57: 1530-1535.
15. Dasta, J. McLaughlin T. Mody S, et al. Daily cost of an intensive care unit day: the contribution of mechanical ventilation. Crit care Med 2005 Vol. 33, No. 6, pgs. 1266-71. 14.
16. Metnitz PG, Metnitz B, Moreno RP, Bauer P, Del Sorbo L, Hoermann C, de Carvalho SA, Ranieri VM; SAPS 3 Investigators. Epidemiology of mechanical ventilation: analysis of the SAPS 3 database. Intensive Care Med. 2009 May;35(5):816-25.
